The basic memory element. R-S, J-K, D, T and master-slave flip-flops. Flip-flop characteristic and excitation tables. Triggering in synchronous systems. Ripple and synchronous counters, latches and registers. Synchronous sequential systems: Analysis: the concept of state, state diagrams and state table. Analysis procedure. Design: Design procedure. State assignment and state reduction. Design implementation in D, JK, T and R-S flip flops. Asynchronous sequential systems: Hazards and race conditions. Elementary circuit analysis.

Free electron motion in static electric and magnetic fields. Electronic structure of matter, conductivity in crystalline solids. Theory of energy bands in conductors, insulators and semiconductors; electrons in metal and election emissions. Intrinsic and Extrinsic semiconductors, doping. Carrier and transport phenomena in semiconductors. The P-N junction, diode equation, Junction breakdown, junction capacitances. Zener diode. Bipolar junction transistor structure and operation. BJT characteristics. Field effect transistors, pinch-off voltage. FET characteristics. Characteristics of SCRs, vacuum tubes, photodevices (photoresistors, photodiodes, phototransistors, light emitting diode). Elementary discrete devices fabrication technique and introduction to IC technology and fabrication.